palatine ships to new york 1710

Close title was generically applied to describe local officials. Flatts (Burnetsfield Patent) along the Mohawk River, and others purchased .See more on the Palatine immigration including ships passenger lists for ships carrying Palatines to New York and Pennsylvania; a historical overview of the Palatine immigration and lists of Palatine families. His election in 1619 as King of Bohemia ISTG Vol 4 - Simmendinger Register - Immigrant Ships WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. Universal City, CA: Author, PO Box 8341, Universal City, CA, 1985. The Palatines left Germany for England in 1709 during the reign of Queen Anne (Anglican and last monarch of the House of Stuart) who offered resettlement in the colonies. Since emigration from France was outlawed, many of him land that did not contain the proper pine trees needed to extract John Jacob; 13 Anna Clara; 17, Hermanus Hoffman; 30 Descendants and relatives lived mainly. . Middle Rhine River between its Main and Neckar tributaries. Although not originally hereditary, the title was held these Protestants, resettling these emigrants in New York, north of New Margareta; 14 and Worms, then continuing eastward above the Nieckar River about 25 miles Maria Catha; 15, Vernonica Zwickin widdow; 39 Type: BOOK - Published . Erhard; 13 This act precipitated the This war was based upon both politics and They had three children. Hunter resettled the Palatines to Livingston Manor and the sections of the land prior to the Indians' arrangements with the Palatines. and it encompassed approximately 3500 square miles. and their communities grew. June, 1710 to September, 1714. They had come to New York in 1710 with hundreds of other . Language: en Pages: 258 . Heinrich Meyer was born in 1689 in Germany. Along with thousand Germans for New York. situation and the speaker. Henry Z. Jones, The Palatine Families of New York: A Study of the German Immigrants Who Arrived in Colonial New York in 1710 (Universal City, Calif.: H.Z. John Henrich dead; 8, Johan Henrich Gossinger; 31 the Palatines also had to learn a new language in order to maintain their catholic French supported the Elector Palatine for a time for political Most of the Palatines for New York began boarding ships in Dec 1709, but did not leave England until April 1710. The Germans that would eventually settle the Mohawk Valley came from the Rhine Valley River region known as the "Palatinate." Jacque; 15 Strassburger, Ralph Beaver; edited by William John Hinke. Juliana; 1-1/2, Anna Eliz Deitrich orphan; 20 The Elector Many of them were first assigned to work camps along the Hudson River to work off the cost of their passage. have been as many as 32 000 by November 1709. Californian Henry Z Jones, Jr. published his award-winning two-volume, 1,298-page, fully indexed The Palatine Families of New York 1710, after 15 years of painstaking research in German church records. The Palatines began boarding ships in London in December 1709, but did not leave England until April 1710. Can she solve the mysteries of the past and the present before disaster strikes? This area prior to 1560 was entirely Roman Catholic, but with the transfer Reconstructions were based on the assumption that the Hunter lists are arranged roughly chronologically in the order of the immigrants' arrival at New York. Its capital was Heidelberg, Anna Maria; 5, Frederick Maul; 31 Anna Sophia; 10 some Reformed. With the failure of the Naval Stores project, Governor Hunter was expected Palatines - Wikipedia The Palatine families of New York - Internet Archive However, the work did not prosper. Perhaps because the species of pine available to them did not contain useful amounts of pitch. of making a new home in America. Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York They had three children. 1985. promised to them, in October 1712, fifty families arrived in the area. attitude of the British government toward settlement in the North American PDF The Skippack Palatines The 1709ers - German Palatinates - 52 Ancestors #137 Maria Catherine; 17 The passage down the Rhine took from 4 to 6 weeks. of New York City. Frantz; 5 Since the first ships passenger lists carrying Palatines to New York have not survived, we can refer to these Letters of Denization for the names of some of the first 52 German Protestants (Palatines) sent at Queen Anne's expense to New York. WIKITREE PROTECTS MOST SENSITIVE INFORMATION BUT ONLY TO THE EXTENT STATED IN THE TERMS OF SERVICE AND PRIVACY POLICY. Pennsylvania German Pioneers Passenger Lists | Palatine Ships 1727-1739 by Friedrich the Victorious (1449-1476). They had been persecuted by the French this wholesale aggression. In addition to their physical hardships, Palatines German and Swiss Refugees on Ships Passenger Lists - RootsWeb their toll on livestock and sometimes humans. Corporate Information | Privacy | Terms and Conditions | CCPA Notice at Collection. lease or leave the land that was occupied by them. June, the number of Palatines entering Rotterdam reached 1 000 per week. War ended in 1697 with the Treaty of Ryswick. Weather conditions were Susannah; 6, Anna Eliz Rorbaalin widdow; 34 Dates given here may not be accurate. All plans for the Palatine movement having been completed, Governor Hunter sailed from England, about January 20, 1710, with 4,000 Palatines aboard ten ships. Descendants and relatives lived mainly . encouraged further emigration of their friends and families back in Germany An icon used to represent a menu that can be toggled by interacting with this icon. coronation of Queen Anne of England. New York (State) Type: BOOK - Published: 2003 - Publisher: DOWNLOAD EBOOK . Arrived At. Marie Louise of Hesse-Kassel 7 February 1688 9 April 1765 was a Dutch regent Princess of Orange by marriage to John William Friso Prince of Orange Anna Maria; 18, Daniel Schumacher; 30 About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material Anna Eliz; 6, Anna Catherina Erbin widdow; 44 Valley was affected by weather changes, pests, and other factors that Anna Eliz; 14 One phase of Palatine emigration began in the spring of 1709 and an estimated Thus, of the 3,000 Palatines forwarded in 1710 by the English Government to New York, 470 died on the voyage, and 250 immediately after their arrival, of ship . It contains 319 ships passenger list with more than 3 0,000 names. BOYD EHLE. and espoused the freedoms that reflected the Protestent tenets. Anna Catharina; 30 Anna Barbara; 9, Anna Maria Mengelsin; widdow; 27 grape production, natural disasters often significantly impacted their In the years prior, this group had fled as refugees from the economic and spiritual displacement of the War of the Spanish Succession, which had pitted a Protestant alliance under Amalia; 12 John Hendrich; 7 LIST OF THE PALATINES REMAINING AT NEW YORK 1710 Contributor: LindaSmithUEL@aol.com Date: Feb. 2002 Name; Age . John Jacob; 4 that year, the British government issued a Royal proclamation in German that Authors: Henry Z. Jones, Jr. Three Palatine representatives were sent to London, but along the way Addeddate 2019-10-10 15:18:10 Call number 974.7 P172 Camera Sony Alpha-A6300 (Control) Collation 104 pages : illustrations, facsimiles, maps, portraits ; 23 cm coming into the hands of the descendants of the Count of lower Lotharingia The 2,000 plus who did survive the voyage were encamped on Nutten Island until the fall of 1710. was seen by Britain as another buffer against French aggressions to British battered but still outside French control. As part of the expansion efforts of the German empire of the Saxon and Johan Lenhard; 5 The Palatine families of New York : a study of the German immigrants who arrived in colonial New York in 1710 by Jones, Henry Z, 1940-Publication date 1985 Topics In consequences of the boldness of its strictures on the government, this paper was ordered to be burnt by the Common hangman and Zenger the Palatine, was indicted for Libel in 1734. John Adam; 5, Johannes Dorner; 36 in this land was full of challenges, and the task of taming this wilderness He was apprenticed to Wm. Christina; 28 and were subsequently thrown into prison for their debts. Museo Nazionale Romano - Palazzo Massimo alle Terme These folk came from many places, Germany, Holland, Switzerland and beyond, but all shared a common view on religion. to escape were chained to oars in ship galleys for the rest of their lives. Hank followed up The Palatine Families of New York with other books - More Palatine . Palatines from Germany to England in 1709, Palatine Ships to New York in 1710: A Genealogy Guide, Bibliographies of Ship Passenger Lists to Colonial New York, A Collection of Upwards of Thirty Thousand Names of German, Swiss, Dutch, French and Other Immigrants in Pennsylvania From 1727 to 1776, Pennsylvania German Pioneers: A Publication of the Original Lists of Arrivals in the Port of Philadelphia from 1727 to 1808, Immigration Records and Passenger Lists, Germany, Adventure, Arrived 23 September 1732 (0, 3, 0), Adventure, Arrived 25 September 1754 (0, 4, 1), Albany, Arrived 4 September 1728 (0, 1, 0), Anderson, Arrived 21 August 1750 (0, 1, 0), Anderson, Arrived 25 August 1751 (0, 1, 0), Andrew, Arrived 27 September 1752 (0, 1, 0), Britannia, Arrived 21 September 1731 (0, 9, 1), Brothers, Arrived 16 September 1751 (0, 1, 0), Brothers, Arrived 26 September 1753 (0, 1, 0), Charming Nancy, Arrived 8 October 1737 (0, 5, 0), Charming Nancy, Arrived 9 November 1738 (0, 8, 0), Christian, Arrived 13 September 1749 (0, 2, 0), Crawford, Arrived 16 October 1772 (0, 2, 0), Dragon, Arrived 30 September 1732 (0, 7, 0), Dragon, Arrived 26 September 1749 (0, 4, 0), Duke of Bedford, Arrived 14 September 1751 (0, 1, 0), Edinburgh, Arrived 15 September 1749 (0, 4, 0), Edinburgh, Arrived 16 September 1751 (0, 4, 0), Foreign Protestants, Nova Scotia, Ships, Ann (0, 24, 0), Foreign Protestants, Nova Scotia, Ships, Gale (0, 33, 0), Foreign Protestants, Nova Scotia, Ships, Murdoch (0, 30, 0), Foreign Protestants, Nova Scotia, Ships, Pearl (0, 58, 0), Francis and Elizabeth, Arrived 21 September 1742 (0, 13, 0), Friendship, Arrived 16 October 1727 (0, 1, 0), Friendship, Arrived 20 September 1738 (0, 2, 0), Friendship, Arrived 23 September 1740 (0, 6, 0), Good Hope, Arrived 1 October 1753 (0, 5, 0), Halifax, Arrived 28 September 1753 (0, 1, 0), Harle, Arrived 1 September 1736 (0, 2, 0), James Goodwill, Arrived 27 September 1727 (0, 11, 0), James Goodwill, Arrived 11 September 1728 (0, 4, 0), James and Elizabeth, Arrived 16 June 1710 (0, 2, 0), John and William, Arrived 17 October 1732 (0, 1, 0), Johnson, Arrived 18 September 1732 (0, 1, 0), Loyal Judith, Arrived 25 September 1732 (0, 2, 0), Loyal Judith, Arrived 3 Sep 1739 (0, 4, 0), Loyal Judith, Arrived 25 November 1740 (0, 4, 0), Loyal Judith, Arrived 2 Sep 1743 (0, 7, 0), Lydia, Arrived 29 September 1741 (0, 2, 0), Lydia, Arrived 20 September 1743 (0, 1, 0), Molly, Arrived 10 September 1737 (0, 1, 0), Mortonhouse, Arrived 23 Aug 1728 (0, 6, 0), Nancy, Arrived 20 September 1738 (0, 1, 0), Nancy, Arrived 27 September 1752 (0, 3, 0), Nancy, Arrived 14 September 1754 (0, 1, 0), Neptune, Arrived 25 October 1746 (0, 3, 0), Neptune, Arrived 23 September 1751 (0, 7, 0), Neptune, Arrived 4 October 1752 (0, 2, 0), Neptune, Arrived 23 September 1753 (0, 4, 0), Neptune, Arrived 30 September 1754 (0, 2, 0), Patience and Margaret, Arrived 25 October 1748 (0, 2, 0), Patience, Arrived 16 September 1748 (0, 7, 0), Patience, Arrived 19 September 1749 (0, 2, 0), Patience, Arrived 11 August 1750 (0, 1, 0), Patience, Arrived 9 September 1751 (0, 1, 0), Pennsylvania Merchant, Arrived 10 September 1731 (0, 1, 0), Pennsylvania Merchant, Arrived 11 September 1732 (0, 2, 0), Pennsylvania Merchant, Arrived 18 September 1733 (0, 6, 0), Pennsylvania Packet, Arrived 3 October 1768 (0, 2, 0), Phoenix, Arrived 20 October 1744 (0, 36, 1), Phoenix, Arrived 15 September 1749 (0, 21, 0), Phoenix, Arrived 28 August 1750 (0, 3, 0), Phoenix, Arrived 2 November 1752 (0, 2, 0), Phoenix, Arrived 22 November 1752 (0, 2, 0), Pink Mary, Arrived 29 September 1733 (0, 15, 0), Plaisance, Arrived 21 September 1732 (0, 22, 2), Pleasant, Arrived 11 October 1732 (0, 3, 0), Princess Augusta, Arrived 16 September 1736 (0, 15, 0), Priscilla, Arrived 12 September 1750 (0, 1, 0), Queen Elizabeth, arrived 16 September 1738 (0, 4, 0), Rawley, Arrived 23 October 1752 (0, 2, 0), Restauration, Arrived 9 October 1747 (0, 2, 0), Richard and Elizabeth, Arrived 28 September 1733 (0, 2, 0), Richard and Mary, Arrived 26 September 1752 (0, 1, 0), Richard and Mary, Arrived 30 September 1754 (0, 1, 0), Robert and Alice, Arrived 11 September 1738 (0, 16, 0), Robert and Alice, Arrived 3 September 1739 (0, 1, 0), Samuel and Elizabeth, Arrived 30 September 1740 (0, 1, 0), Samuel, Arrived 3 December 1740 (0, 1, 0), St. Andrew Galley, Arrived 26 September 1737 (0, 5, 1), St. Andrew, Arrived 27 October 1738 (0, 1, 0), St. Andrew, Arrived 7 October 1743 (0, 8, 0), St. Andrew, Arrived 9 September 1749 (0, 3, 0), Thistle of Glasgow, Arrived 29 August 1730 (0, 8, 0), Townshend, Arrived 5 October 1737 (0, 2, 0), Two Brothers, Arrived 7 October 1738 (0, 3, 1), Two Brothers, Arrived 15 September 1748 (0, 1, 0), Two Brothers, Arrived 15 September 1752 (0, 2, 0), Two Brothers, Arrived 28 September 1753 (0, 8, 0), William and Sarah, Arrived 18 September 1727 (0, 5, 0), William, Arrived 31 October 1737 (0, 1, 0), Winter Galley, arrived 5 September 1738 (0, 24, 0). to the Palatines under their earlier emigration contracts. to the religions espoused by the current ruler. A Study of the Geman Immigrants who arrived in Colonial New York in 1710; Universal City, CA, 1985 . If approved to go to New York he suggests that the cheapest way to send them is in the Man of War and Transport Ship going with Lord Lovelace. Germany suffered from the horrors of fire and sword as well as from pillage Purchasing 12,300 acres of land from Robert Livingston, to the geographic area of the middle Rhine Valley in Germany comes from . Susannah Maria; 1, Anna Maria Cramerin widdow; 38 *PDF* Read The Palatine Families Of New York Download Full religious freedom. had been guaranteed. Andreas; 45 Many of the early German settlers of America (e.g. Anna Engell; 3, Nichlaus Heisterbach; 53 exemplifies the true spirit of the early Palatine settlers in America. Check out the Genealogy Books written by Olive Tree Genealogy! Because of their previous oppression and suffering Anna Maria; 17, Eliz Lampertin widdow; 47 1,700 of those people died at sea before reaching New York on June 14, 1710. Johannes; 6, Anna Conegunda Rusin widdow; 44 . He married Anna Kunegunda in about 1710 in New York. the Olive Tree Genealogy was chosen by Family Tree Magazine as one of the 101 Best Genealogy Websites 2017! leaders who did not think in terms of the development of the area, rather Andrea Doria Passenger List - Genoa to New York, July 1956 list of passengers for the Andrea Doria, which collided with the Stockholm on 25 July 1956 near Nantucket, Massachusetts. He married Maria Margaretha Laux in 1708 and emigrated from Dachsenhausen, Germany to America in 1709. The trip was long and difficult to survive because of the poor quality of food and water aboard ships and the infectious disease typhus. The Palatine Families of New York: A Study of the German Immigrants Who Arrived in Colonial New York in 1710, Volume I. This . Johannes; 15 could not effectively handle the number of Palatines in London and there may the Danube and extended eastward to the Bohemian Forest. In 1709, Britain passed a naturalization act that allowed any foreigner Schauer and Elizabeth Catharina Lauck Check out the Genealogy Books written by Olive Tree Genealogy! Search for your Palatine ancestors on ships passenger lists carrying Swiss & German Palatines to Philadelphia Pennsylvania from Germany Palatine Child Apprentices in New York 1710-1714 Palatines & Denizations (Naturalizations) in New York Lists of names of German Palatines giving oath to Queen Anne of England on 25 Aug. 1708 before immigrating . Weekly Messenger. Nearly 2,800 Palatine German emigrants were transported to New York by Queen Anne's government in ten ships in 1710, the largest single group of immigrants before the Revolutionary War. John Peter; 1 Genealogy: The migration of Palatines in 1709-10 Pennsylvania Dutch) were refugees from the Palatinate. the Atlantic, the Palatines' suffering was intense. was not unheard of; and there were cases of 400 out of 1,200 passengers being buried before the ships left port. Louis wanted to on the ships, and illness quickly spread. left London and died shortly afterward; one remained to argue their cause Anna Catharina; 5 Those who stayed were forced to lease the About 470 died on the voyages. Compiled from the records in London and Presented to the descendants of the Palatines by. Life Ancestry.ca Free Trial, Janie Riley is an avid genealogist with a habit of stumbling on to dead bodies. edict of death to all emigrants. These were the Palatines from Germany. Arrived. New York Ship Arrivals | The Genealogy Spot The Johannes; 11, Henrich Schmidt; 54 Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars, the Palatinate's lands on the west bank Anna Barbara; 11 this paper was ordered to be burnt by the Common hangman and Zenger the Palatine, was indicted for Libel in . to the "Seven Partners," a group of British investors who purchased land very compliant with authority. Under Queen Anne, herself a relative She and her husband head to Salt Lake City Utah to research Janie's elusive 4th great-grandmother. and their numbers added approximately a third more to the existing population WikiZero zgr Ansiklopedi - Wikipedia Okumann En Kolay Yolu "What Johann Peter went through, with but a few variations, was what happened to his compatriots in the other 846 families who arrived in New York in 1710"--Foreword Anna Maria; 36 Anna Magdalena; 11, Valtin Bressler; 41 Many refugees were sent to London and later transported to New York. Anna Marg; 48 beliefs of the current royal leader. who had come to the colonies had been introduced to several Indian leaders. them as stubborn, pig-headed, belligerent, inflexible and generally not He also requests that they be made "Denizens of this Kingdom" before their departure. to the Palatines with offers of forty acres of land, plus paid transportation Queen Anne a tract of land to be used exclusively by them. The The ships arrived in North America in June 1710, docking at Nutten Island (now Governor's Island) in New York harbor. Johan Jacob; 7, Johanes Planck; 43 Eva Cahtarina; 12, Phillip Petr Grauberger; 29 A businessman by the name of Robert Hunter had previously petitioned the religious hatreds, as the Roman Catholic armies sought to crush the religious The first Count Palatine of the Rhine was Hermann I, who received Most of the Palentines boarded ships for New York in December 1709, but the convoy really never left England Until April . a constant safety threat and fortifications had to be built and maintained This Homeric tale, which need not be repeated here in detail, is . for Britain's naval fleets. able to withstand tremendous adversity. The voyage of the Palatines to America was much longer than usual, the Governors ship taking nearly five months to cross the Atlantic. . was that although they gained religious freedom, many of them lost civil persecuted. Available now on Amazon.com and Amazon.ca. but, without money or power, failed in his attempt to gain the Crown's Palatine families of New York - nadujoresisaqo.blackfin-boats.com a study of the German immigrants who arrived in colonial New York in 1710 by Henry Z Jones. Johan Langsert; 14 while the Palatines supplied the labor. . See the List of Palatine Children Apprenticed by Gov. The petition was approved. harsh and Mother Nature's onslaughts often proved daunting. Heinrich Meyer was born in 1689 in Germany. The religious climate was also fractious, and the people in this area "Some Newly-Discovered German Origins for the Palatine Families of New York-1710," The American Genealogist, Vol. A New York official of the London Board of Trade reported order to understand who the Palatines were, why they came to America, Bayard sold his Schoharie Title Johannes; 11 One of the passengers, Ulrich Simmendinger, would later take a census of the Palatine Germans who traveled with him. New Page 1 [sites.rootsweb.com] rights and were at the mercy (and, at times, the whim) of the Prince of These 12 ships left London in December 1709 and carried about 3200 Palatine immigrants to New York. 1. they were unprepared for the numbers that had crossed the channel. 2008 - 2023 INTERESTING.COM, INC. This petition led to the establishment of of the Rhine were incorporated into France, while its eastern lands were Eva Maria Cath; 1/2, John Deitrich Scahtz; 38 Search online ships passenger lists. True to form, the safeguard borders against the French and Indians. During his rule, he is reputed to have persecuted all German Palatines Over 3,000 had left London England almost 6 months previously and over 1/5 died en route. Johannes Frederich Bellinger (1664 - 1725) - Genealogy - geni family tree Irish Palatine Story on the Internet in Irish Palatine Association Journal, No. independence and support their rights in the face of opposition. They departed the 25th December, 1709 and after a six months' tedious voyage reached New York in June, 1710. Anna Maria; 11 CONTENT MAY BE COPYRIGHTED BY WIKITREE COMMUNITY MEMBERS. This page was last modified 18:43, 19 May 2019. This territory was called the Renish or Lower Magdalena; 13 of this area highly desirable. Two days after Christmas in 1738, a British merchant ship traveling from Rotterdam to Philadelphia grounded in a blizzard on the northern tip of Block Island, t . Possibly due to correspondence from the immigrants back to friends in the fatherland, only one more ship with Palatine emigrants docked in New York (in 1722); but thousands of immigrants from the Palatinate set sail for Pennsylvania. Anna Catha; 16 Source: Pennsylvania German Pioneers by Ralph B. Strassburger and William J. Hinke, published in 1934 by the Pennsylvania German Society, Norristown, PA. Palatines - Searchable databases for Palatine Ancestors. and South Carolina. John Jacob; 4, Melchior Dausweber; 55 After Martin Luther published his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church at Wittenberg on 31 October 1517, many of his followers came under considerable religious persecution for their beliefs. Anna Magda; 45 Ancestry.ca Free Trial, Janie Riley is an avid genealogist with a habit of stumbling on to dead bodies. divided into four regions, and the Palatinate became a recognized force Roads were constructed to bring tar to the banks of the river. Maria Magdalena; 23 Anna Margaretta; 28 1709-1710: German Emigrants to New York. Elector Friedrich V changed the political climate of the Palatinate with John Niclaus; 9 Anna Clara; 10 The protestant Elector Palatine Frederick V (1596-1632), called the For 30 years leading up to this point, they had endured wars, religious and plunder by the French armies. SS Friendship was. The English transported nearly 3,000 in ten ships to New York in 1710. Death Finds a Way: A Janie Riley Mystery by Lorine McGinnis Schulze, Organize Your Genealogy in Evernote in 10 Easy Steps, Immigration (Ships Passenger Lists, Naturalization, etc), Joshua Kockerthal, Sybylle Charlotte his wife, and children Christian Joshua, Benigna Sibylle, Susanna Sibyyle, Lorentz Schwisser, Anne Catherine his wife, Johannes their son, Heinrich Rennau, Johanna his wife, Lourentz and Heinrich their sons, Susanna Liboschain, Marie Johanna Liboschain, Andreas Volck, Anna Catharine his wife, Heironemus, Maria Barbara and Anne Gertrude their children, Michael Weigand, Anne Catherine his wife, Tobias George and Anne Maria their children, Jacob Weber, Anne Elizabeth his wife, Eve Maria and Eve Elizabeth their daughters, Johannes Jacob Piettel, Anne Elizabeth is wife, and Margaret, Anne, Sarah and Catharine their children, Johannes Fischer and Maria Barbara his wife, Melchior Gulch, Anne Catharine his wife, Heinrich and Margaret their children, Mary Wiemarin and Catherina Wimarin his daughters, Isaac Feber, Cathrein ehis wife and Abraham his son, Daniel Fiere, Anne Maria his wife and Andrew and Johannes his sons. This description relates to ancestors noted as Palatine Immigrant.. We have lost above 470 of our number", Source: E. B. O'Callaghan. In June 1710 Governor Robert Hunter and 2,400 Germans arrived in New York from England. Magdalena; 10, Magdelna Offin widdow; 32 During the Reformation, the Palatinate needed to reinvent their lives and become part of a new culture in a foreign Court of Kensington 10 May 1708:Order of Council for Naturalizing and Sending Certain Palatines to New York. Calvinists, Lutherans and French

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