political organisation of the acholi

The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. Acholi - Minority Rights Group the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. Given the low population densities and minimal land pressure, almost anyone who was willing to clear and work unused land has been welcomed by lineage heads responsible for such land and, while they functioned, by the rwodi of chiefdoms within whose domains the land lay. named Luo. This structure was maintained by the real anointed chiefs of the Acholi, the rwodi moo. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. organisation to survive, a common identity had to form to support this new social structure of When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, They were also against the power consolidation approach of the NRA, which included mass arrest, torturing, killing, cattle raiding, food crop destruction, and looting and burning of villages. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). million first language speakers at the time. ACHOLI PEOPLE: THE FAMOUS EAST AFRICAN SPIRITUALLY AND - Blogger Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). Acholi | people | Britannica [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. journalist who created an account of the history and traditions of the Acholi, wrote that the The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. Corrections? Army membership has also supplied a distinct, if largely negative, socializing influence on many Acholi young men. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. Atkinson, Ronald R. (1989). p. 41). Dwyer, John Orr (1972) 'The Acholi of Uganda: adjustment to imperialism'. The largest political unit was the tribal section, regarded as the geographical nation. The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. In . The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. political organisation of the acholi Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not Girling, F. K. (1960). Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. Women daubed the walls with mud, decorating them with geometrical or conventional designs in red, white or grey. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. 61). of the West Nile, to the north by the South Sudan, to the east by the Karamojong region, to the, 23 Each Ugandan district has a language board responsible for implementing policies on indigenous language. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms Aristotle wrote that politics stems . Uganda Journal 19(1): 57-61. As of September 2009, large numbers of Acholi people remain in camps as internally displaced persons. Individual antecedents of political behavior include political . Shilluk Acholi A rebellion 13.4 Organizational Politics | Organizational Behavior - Lumen Learning That is why the Lango neighbours refer to the Acholi as Ugangi, meaning people of the home. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. Colonial chiefs in a stateless society: a case-study from Northern 1.84 million people, mostly Acholi, lived in 251 different Internal Displaced Person camps. Comprising less than 5 percent of the country's population, during the early years of independence the Acholi constituted more than 15 percent of the police force and fully a third of the army. Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Trade. centralised kingdom but instead organised themselves as a collection of smaller chiefdoms. Much of that hierarchy continued into the independence era. The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . This has continued in various guises ever since. Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. Other uncategorised cookies are those that are being analysed and have not been classified into a category as yet. London: Oxford University Press. "Land Tenure in Acholi." population. Acholi's role in the colonial economy was confined mainly to the peasant production of cotton as a cash crop and the provision of recruits for the colonial army or police and migrant labor for the more "developed" Buganda. "[9], Milton Obote, the first leader after independence, relied on Acholi Luo people and Langi Nilo Hamites or Ateker peoples in government. Traditionally, a young man was dependent upon his lineage head and elders both for permission to marry and for the material goods required for bride-wealth; elders of the woman's lineage were also much involved in the discussions and negotiations surrounding the marriage. Ceremonies. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. With the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement in Sudan in 2005, and the establishment of the ex-rebel government in newly independent South Sudan in territory in which the LRA once operated freely, those lines of support have been substantially weakened, if not severed altogether. Industrial Arts. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. The Acholi sub-region is a part of the administrative region of Northern-Uganda. These guns brought The activities of the LRA have been devastating within Acholiland (though they spread also to neighbouring districts and countries). Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. 1679-1914." Langlands, B. W. (1971). In 1986 Alice Lakwenas charismatic Holy Spirit Movement mounted an insurgency in the Acholi region. 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona M.A. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. Malandra, Alfred (1939). 3 vols. . connected and intertwined chiefdoms. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to Stream and swamp fishing are important. majority peasant population. B. Webster, eds. The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". The Acholi, a Nilotic Lwo-speaking ethnic group, live predominantly in the central region of northern Uganda, an space collectively named to known as Acholiland. This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. PDF Publications | International IDEA All affines, meanwhile, are known as "mother." Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). Movement. development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. David Oyite-Ojok | Military Wiki | Fandom The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyse and understand how you use this website. The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . Political Organizations | Internal Revenue Service - IRS tax forms The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. The Southern Lwoo language group second Milton Obote regimes, however, as well as of the various rebel Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. Tonga Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. State | Definition, History, Figures, & Facts | Britannica Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. It is solidification of an Acholi identity, with their common language becoming an important marker. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the Webster, J. He has noted that the emphasis on the distinction among ethnic groups has even been part of the internal government dialogue." During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. Identification and Location. 2.4. Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the Forging Forgiveness: Collective Efforts Amidst War in Northern Uganda Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. encompasses the six closely related languages Acholi, Adhola, Alur, Kumam, Lango and Following the latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. The Acholi Traditional Approach to Justice and the War in Northern Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. Kasozi, A. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. The Acholi of Uganda. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. This belief underlies the customary land tenure rule that prohibits women from having rights to land independent of their relationship with their father or husband. Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and the The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". "At Home in the Village: Growing Up in Acholi." Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. London: James Currey. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. Further tidying up and smoothing over the grave take place within the week. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." 2 I Abstract The aim of this thesis will be to decipher why Acholi ethnic identity remained such a critical political tool in late and post-colonial Uganda, from 1950-1985, just b Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable.

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