Why do we devote so much time to sleeping? The tendency to maintain a stable, relatively constant internal environment is called homeostasis. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. that would be one of the problems that Ive encountered. Opioid addiction reached crisis levels in the United States such that by 2019, an average of 130 people diedeach dayof an opioid overdose (NIDA, 2019). According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Our lives involve regular, dramatic changes in the degree to which we are aware of our surroundings and our internal states. Research shows that the most severe effects of sleep deprivation occur when a person stays awake for more than 24 hours (Killgore & Weber, 2014; Killgore et al., 2007), or following repeated nights with fewer than four hours in bed (Wickens, Hutchins, Lauk, Seebook, 2015). 1. While caffeine may have some indirect effects on dopamine neurotransmission, its primary mechanism of action involves antagonizing adenosine activity (Porkka-Heiskanen, 2011). Meditative techniques have their roots in religious practices (Figure 4.21), but their use has grown in popularity among practitioners of alternative medicine. It is much more difficult to awaken someone from sleep during stage 3 than during earlier stages. His children and his wifes parents all agreed that Falater had an excellent relationship with his wife and they couldnt think of a reason that would provide any sort of motive to murder her (Cartwright, 2004). Instead, sleep is composed of several different stages that can be differentiated from one another by the patterns of brain wave activity that occur during each stage. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. Test 3 (Chapter 8) Flashcards | Quizlet Methadoneis a synthetic opioid that is less euphorigenic than heroin and similar drugs. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Nicotine exerts its effects through its interaction with acetylcholine receptors. (credit: Laurie Avocado). These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. The low cost coupled with lower risk of overdose than with opiate drugs is making crystal meth a popular choice among drug users today (NIDA, 2019). She indicated that she had fallen asleep at inappropriate or dangerous times, including while eating, while socializing with friends, and while driving her car. Upon a search of the premises, police found blood-stained clothes and a bloody knife in the trunk of Falaters car, and he had blood stains on his neck. High doses can induce sleep, cause motor disturbance, memory loss, decreased respiratory function, and death. Sleep-wake cycles seem to be controlled by multiple brain areas acting in conjunction with one another. Comparative research indicates, however, that the relationship that exists between predatory risk and sleep is very complex and equivocal. Brainwave activity changes dramatically across the different stages of sleep. We might even describe consciousness as a continuum that ranges from full awareness to a deep sleep. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. Caffeine is an adenosine antagonist, so caffeine inhibits the adenosine receptors, thus decreasing sleepiness and promoting wakefulness. My sophomore college housemate got so stressed out during finals sophomore year he drank almost a whole bottle of Nyquil to try to fall asleep. The pineal and pituitary glands secrete a number of hormones during sleep. PDF Internal States Scale and Reference - University of Washington This figure illustrates some of the negative consequences of sleep deprivation. Avoid alcohol, cigarettes, caffeine, and heavy meals before bed. More specifically, homeostasis is the body's tendency to monitor and maintain internal states, such as temperature and blood sugar, at fairly constant and stable levels. When we do this, we often experience jet lag. States of Consciousness - Psychology 2e - Maricopa It is often prescribed for minor pain, and it is available over-the-counter in some other countries. D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. As we move intostage 2 sleep, the body goes into a state of deep relaxation. Incentral sleep apnea, disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing (White, 2005). While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. While disruptions in circadian rhythms can have negative consequences, there are things we can do to help us realign our biological clocks with the external environment. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). You were capable of engaging in the all of the complex tasks involved with operating a motor vehicle even though you were not aware of doing so. Our experiences change dramatically while we are in deep sleep and once again when we are dreaming. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. While cognitive deficits may be the most obvious, many body systems are negatively impacted by lack of sleep. Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. Quiz 1.docx - PSY-352 Health Psychology Quiz 1 Complete the following As you will learn when you study social roles, peoples behavior can be shaped by their expectations of how they should act in a given situation. These synthetic drugs are so potent that even small doses can cause overdose and death. PSY-352 Health Psychology Flashcards | Quizlet B) the cause of the problem. As discussed by Siegel (2008), a definition of sleep must also include mention of the interplay of the circadian and homeostatic mechanisms that regulate sleep. Complications. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. While we have discussed the negative outcomes associated with sleep deprivation, it should be pointed out that there are many benefits that are associated with adequate amounts of sleep. 22. Methamphetamine addiction produces an intense craving that is difficult to treat. Users can experience physical symptoms that include nausea, elevated blood pressure, and increased heart rate. The axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world (Klein, Moore, & Reppert, 1991; Welsh, Takahashi, & Kay, 2010) (Figure 4.3). Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. Therefore, the abuse potential of central nervous system depressants is relatively high. MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. d. both b and c. 2. Guilleminault et al. In recent years, methamphetamine (meth) use has become increasingly widespread. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. How exactly does a hypnotist bring a participant to a state of hypnosis? c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. Withdrawal from opioids includes pain, which patients often misinterpret as pain caused by the problem that led to the original prescription, and which motivates patients to continue using the drugs. Aches and pains, such as severe headache and muscle and joint pain. Treatment. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. Often, we are not completely aware of our surroundings, even when we are fully awake. This is illustrated by McCartys (2010) case study of a 50-year-old woman who sought help for the excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours that she had experienced for several years. However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. Mindfulness meditation has recently become popular. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Heavy meals may make you sleepy, but they can also lead to frequent awakenings due to gastric distress. Getting the optimal amount of sleep has also been associated with other cognitive benefits. The researchers showed that these states correspond to distinct strategies, and then they identified . Social programs like Medicare: a - offer health coverage for the older adults 24. Some people might turn to over-the-counter (OTC) or prescribed sleep medications to help them sleep, but this should be done sparingly because many sleep medications result in dependence and alter the nature of the sleep cycle, and they can increase insomnia over time. When people have difficulty getting sleep due to their work or the demands of day-to-day life, they accumulate a sleep debt. Depending on the population and sleep disorder being studied, between 30% and 50% of the population suffers from a sleep disorder at some point in their lives (Bixler, Kales, Soldatos, Kaels, & Healey, 1979; Hossain & Shapiro, 2002; Ohayon, 1997, 2002; Ohayon & Roth, 2002). With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. C) the severity and duration of the problem. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. Like NREM sleep, REM has been implicated in various aspects of learning and memory (Wagner, Gais, & Born, 2001; Siegel, 2001). The participant is encouraged to use his or her imagination. The following describe internal states of symptoms EXCEPT? They can be helpful for people working night shifts or for people affected by seasonal variations in light. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. One way that this happens involves traveling across multiple time zones. A sleep deprived individual generally will fall asleep more quickly than if she were not sleep deprived. The effects of all psychoactive drugs occur through their interactions with our endogenous neurotransmitter systems. The fifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fifth Edition(DSM-5) is used by clinicians to diagnose individuals suffering from various psychological disorders. a - a mole that looks cancerous. Hypnosis has also been used to draw out information believed to be buried deeply in someones memory. An important difference between mood disorders and normal mood fluctuation is: A) the particular medication used to treat the problem. The decade from 20102019 brought many changes in laws regarding marijuana. Although there are a number of different techniques in use, the central feature of all meditation is clearing the mind in order to achieve a state of relaxed awareness and focus (Chen et al., 2013; Lang et al., 2012). These will soon, in all ordinary cases, subdue the most distressing symptoms, and effect a perfect cure in a day or two. Historically, somnambulism has been treated with a variety of pharmacotherapies ranging from benzodiazepines to antidepressants. It may feel like alcohol helps you sleep, but it actually disrupts REM sleep and leads to frequent awakenings. Alcohol, barbiturates (e.g., secobarbital, pentobarbital), Benzodiazepines (e.g., Xanax). Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. However, all of their somnambulistic patients who also suffered from sleep-related breathing problems showed a marked decrease in sleepwalking when their breathing problems were effectively treated. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). As one of their mechanisms of action, cocaine and amphetamines block the reuptake of dopamine from the synapse into the presynaptic cell. The following morning, he awoke to barking dogs and unfamiliar voices from downstairs. Generally, narcolepsy is treated using psychomotor stimulant drugs, such as amphetamines (Mignot, 2012). Some people also experience altered states of consciousness through meditation, hypnosis, or alcohol and other drugs. Although she had been taking a prescription antidepressant, her symptoms of depression continued to worsen and she began to suffer physically, displaying significant warning signs of cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). Generally, treatment for night terrors is unnecessary unless there is some underlying medical or psychological condition that is contributing to the night terrors (Mayo Clinic, n.d.). Vaping uses battery-powered devices, sometimes called e-cigarettes, that deliver liquid nicotine and flavorings as a vapor. Awareness of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions. There are individual differences in regard to our sleep-wake cycle. In our discussion of the mental symptoms I reported as an illustration of the suggestive treatment of the drug passion the case of a morphinist. (a) Common paraphernalia for heroin preparation and use are shown here in a needle exchange kit. While hypnosis may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, such enhancements are very modest in nature (Raz, 2011). As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. As he went to investigate what was going on, he was met by a group of police officers who arrested him for the murder of his wife (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. The crisis actually began in the 1990s, when pharmaceutical companies began mass-marketing pain-relieving opioid drugs like OxyContin with the promise (now known to be false) that they were non-addictive. Bloating or a feeling of fullness in the abdomen. Once she was able to limit her use to less than 12 ounces of soda a day, both her mental and physical health gradually improved. Thirst. Chronic insomnia is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression. The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. Think meditation might help? A) a mole that looks cancerous B) nasal congestion C) change in heart rate D) issues with breathing Which of the following American health care systems is most known for requiring a referral from a primary care doctor in order to see a specialist? As a group, hallucinogens are incredibly varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect. Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep.
The Following Describe Internal States Of Symptoms Except,
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the following describe internal states of symptoms except